Boxplots showing the joint amount of multimodal effort invested by both participants to resolve the interactional trouble. The boxes represent the interquartile range; the middle line the median; the whiskers the minimum and maximum scores (outliers excluded). Every dot represents a repair sequence, i.e., repair initiation and repair solution together. As the specificity of repair formats goes up, joint multimodal effort invested goes down.
Rasenberg, M., Pouw, W., Özyürek, A., & Dingemanse, M. (2022). The multimodal nature of communicative efficiency in social interaction. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 19111. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22883-w PDF
